Women s Rights Of Women - 982 Words

Before choosing sides on a controversial topic, an accurate and truthful definition of said topic should be clearly stated. According to Cambridge Dictionary, feminism is defined as an organized effort to give women the same economic, social, and political rights as men. From the beginning of time, the role and status of women throughout the world, in all societies, cultures and countries, have been that of absolute inequality. In short, women have suffered greatly because of this disparity. However, there have been streams of women throughout history who have sought to overcome this terrible burden and have made significant contributions to the rise of women’s rights. Many people today believe that the equality of women to men is no longer an issue but there are still those who feel that we are far from an equal state. I believe that while elements of discrimination still exist, women today are generally no longer bound or constrained by the weight of inequality. When Virginia Woolf joined the world of literature in the nineteenth century, it was a male dominated society in terms of roles and occupations. Even though a number of women had previously sought to break into the writing profession, Virginia expressed that her biggest obstacle continued to be her apprehensiveness to write what was truly in her imagination. She felt that the men of her world would be â€Å"shocked† and disturbed by the depths of her thoughts (Woolf 318). She tells a story of an â€Å"experience† sheShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesa myriad of women have expressed through outlets such as public assemblies, literature, and speeches. There have been three waves of the women’s movement, each targeting a variety of issues within each era. The third wave was in 1995, where Hillary Clinton spoke in Beijing, China, claiming that women’s rights were the same as human rights, that every aspiring girl deserv ed the civil liberties that every man was given around the world. Moreover, the movement had shifted towards women in developingRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1265 Words   |  6 Pagesstands in the way of women being equal to men? Journalist Carlin Flora suggests the following, â€Å"While not all claims to humanity are universal and no one context, culture or continent can truly represent all peoples, the following three examples from very different contexts, cultures and continents show that some violations of women’s human rights are universal. In particular, it is still the case the world over that a woman’s reproductive rights, which impact on her right to life, are still seenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women881 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty –first century ladies are discovering it a daunting task to keep up both sexual orientation parts as an aftereffect of the women s activist development. They are presently assuming liability for both the supplier and the nurturer, battling like never before to acquire and keep a superior personal satisfaction. Woman s rights has supported in equivalent vocation opportunity, battling to get ladies acknowledged into the employment advertise, and what initially began as ladies strengtheningRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthe early 1920’s, women thought they had achieved the unachievable. They could finally work, keep their earned wages, marry whomever they please, and even vote. After reaching their goal and fighting vigorously, women could taste equality and the freedom they deserved. While women still have the right to work in today’s society, women are not exactly treated equal in the workplace. Regardless of the past and the extreme measures taken to ensure equal opportunities for both men and women, there are manyRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1920s, women were ignored in every aspect of their life. From politics, to social situations, women were constantly looked at as lesser. The 20s was a decade of women ready to fight for their rights. From gaining social freedoms, to getting political rights, the 20s was the first decade of feminism. Many women played key roles in the fight for women s rights through speeches, marches, and much more. The women that fought for their rights in the 1920s completely changed how women live their livesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1230 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s suffrage has stretched from the 1800’s to present day, as women have struggled to have the same civil and constitutional rights as men in politics and be appreciated as equals in the workforce. Groups of women known as suffragists questioned the customary views of women’s roles. Eventually our nation has evolved and realized that male-controlled societies suppress women’s rights. From the beginning steps taken in 1850 to 2013 with women earning combat roles in the mi litary, women’s rolesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1206 Words   |  5 Pagesto speak of women and the role of women in this election, the subject of women is tiresome but necessary in a world where gender is still existent as an obstacle for most. I cannot identify what woman is. I am basing my definition from our modern understanding of woman, our general view, and the popular experience. People are using younger women voting for Bernie Sanders as proof of gender’s irrelevant in this election, that women have achieved their rights. Even if women ‘have rights now’ it doesRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1393 Words   |  6 Pages Women all over the world are being treated different than men. Iran is one of the places that women are being treated the worst. From restrictions to punishments, women in Iran are being treated with no respect, and that is not okay. Women’s rights activists have tried to get it to change, and have traveled to many places to try and get more people to join their movement. There are many issues with women not having the same rights as men. One of the main problems is that they are treated lessRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1272 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have fought a strenuous battle for equal rights. Many men, and even some women, all over the world believe that women do not share the same value and importance to society as men do. On September 5, 1995, Hillary Clinton spoke at the 4th World Conference on Women, on behalf of women all over the world. Clinton raised awareness on how women s rights are being violated and why it is important to recognize women s rights as equal to everyone else’s rights. Even today, in 2016Read MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe family has traditionally been the basic unit of Chinese society where women have long been charged with upholding society s values in their roles as wives and mothers. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, women were required to balance society s i deals with the reality of raising a family and maintaining a household. Throughout the imperial period and into the beginning of the twentieth century, the relationship among family members was prescribed by Confucian teachings. The revered philosopher

Lesson learned Free Essays

There comes a time in everyone’s life when bad things happen that we wish had never occurred. This experience, that result in being punished or even disciplined by our parents, guardian, police or even by a teachers, often leads us to learn an Important life lessons. Soon, we realize that we did something we know we should not have done. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson learned or any similar topic only for you Order Now Growing up, I was always the kid who had to be punished; not because I was bad, but by doing and saying stupid things, and by keeping the wrong set of friend, who often got me Into trouble. My punishments Include, being grounded from my phone, television ,and everything else that I would consider fun. When I would get into trouble, often I was deadlines by my parent, but getting deadlines by Mrs.. White – who was my fifth grade teacher at All Mercy middle school- was very different and scary. I was slating In Mrs. White’s math class, and she began to pass out our Math test scores. I was, and still, am Inefficient In my math skill. As she passed the tests back, my anxious eyes searched the bright colored room, was expecting the worst. E colorful posters were not enough to distract me from my inevitable bad grade, and the blue walls were hardly calming. The garden I received was very low. A depressing, bold looking in bright red ink, was burned at the top of the paper close to where my name was written. I got mad at myself,and I let out an exasperated sigh that Just happen to include the â€Å"F -word† . Everybody in the class, including Mrs.. White, turned toward me with looks of shock and astonishment. Mrs.. White then shouted my name and said; â€Å"Tamari, get in my office owe l† I was in shock at myself that I had lousily sighed this obscenity. I was so scare to go to Mrs.. White’s office. In a angry tone of voice, she shouted again, â€Å"Tamari, in my office now! † I was so terrified to face her, because I and never heard Mrs.. White sound so angry before. She shouted one last time, â€Å"Tamari, in my office, right now! † I walked slowly, slower than a turtle, into her office. I could feel the entire class staring at me as I walked as slow as possible. Finally, when I reached Mrs.. White’s office, she had me sit down in front of her desk. She said, † You know saying the F word was unacceptable. I nodded my head. That day after lunch, Mrs.. White had me apologize in front of the entire class for using foul language, and she had me sit In the naughty corner of the class by myself for four days. I was happy that Ms. While did not called my parents because I knew my punishment would have been much worse. Luckily, my parents never actually found out that I used the F word at school. That day I clearly learned that there are consequent for my actions, and I have to be more careful with the things I say. Word can get you Into trouble, but not Just In the classroom, at work, and their power to hurt others . Because word are very power, you can hurt someone feeling by saying the wrong thing. Be aware of using polite words also show how matured and respectful a person can be. Lesson learned By tinniest 16 important life lessons. Soon, we realize that we did something we know we should set of friend, who often got me into trouble. My punishments include, being When I would get into trouble, often I was disciplined by my parent, but getting disciplined by Mrs.. White – who was my fifth grade teacher at All Mercy middle school- was very different and scary. I was sitting in Mrs. White’s math class, and she began to pass out our Math test scores. I was, and still, am inefficient in my math room, I was expecting the worst. The colorful posters were not enough to distract me received was very low. A depressing, bold looking â€Å"F†, in bright red ink, was burned at astonishment. Mrs.. White then shouted my name and said; â€Å"Tamari, get in my office now I was in shock at myself that I had lousily sighed this obscenity. I was so â€Å"Tamari, in my office now! † I was so terrified to face her, because I and never heard White’s office, she had me sit down in front of her desk. She said, † You know saying sit in the naughty corner of the class by myself for four days. I was happy that Ms. White did not called my parents because I knew my punishment would have been have to be more careful with the things I say. Word can get you into trouble, but not just in the classroom, at work, and their power to hurt others . Because word are very How to cite Lesson learned, Papers Lesson Learned Free Essays Lesson Learned We are all humans therefore we all make mistakes, but the one thing that comes out of these mistakes, is we usually learn a lesson. Making mistakes is human nature, none of us are exempt. That is even true in writing this paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson Learned or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will have to write many drafts without errors to meet what I feel is right. It would only be natural for me to make mistakes while writing this paper. But, just as in making errors on this paper and corrections, making mistakes in life and correcting those mistakes makes for a better human being. Three hard earned lessons I’ve learned include receiving a speeding ticket, over drinking, and failing a test. At the age sixteen I received my drivers permit. At this age you feel you have reached adulthood. From the moment I received my drivers permit my parents told me repeatedly â€Å"be careful, drive slowly, drive safe. † Not being a safe driver could cost you your life or someone else’s life. However I didn’t comply with the speed limit, and got pulled over. I was going twelve miles over the speed limit and got a speeding ticket, which ended up being $130. Primarily you will pay the cost for driving reckless. When I turned 18 I went to a party where there was alcohol. Everyone else was drinking so I decided I would drink also. Me and a couple of my friends played a drinking game, which included taking a lot of shots. After drinking for a couple hours I started to feel very sick. I threw up all night, and the next day had a hangover from hell. I learned over drinking comes with very painful consequences. Now that I’m about to turn twenty four I’m attending college and realize I need better study habits. I didn’t pass my last test in anatomy because I did not study. I now realize it’s not high school anymore and to pass a test you need to study. I feel that I need to get rid of the bad habits in order to make room for better habits that I need in everyday life. I am learning better habits every day. Even though I did bad on my last test, I feel that it counted as learning for me because now I know what it takes for me to receive a high grade on any future test I take. During my last twenty three years I have made many mistakes, more then I care to share. But I have learned from all my mistakes and learned many life lessons. There are so many lessons to learn in life. With learning these lessons it takes a lot of growing up. Receiving a speeding ticket, over drinking and learning study habits have all taught me valuable lessons in life. How to cite Lesson Learned, Essay examples

Corporate Social ResponsibilityCSR Strategies

Question: How Corporate Social Responsibility is Defined? Answer: Introduction: Corporate Social Responsibility is an emerging management concept that is evolving in the current market scenario. It is a concept that entails to integrate various environmental and social concerns in the business operations along with having interactions with the stakeholders. It seeks so that the company can achieve a balance between the environmental and social imperatives. It also must seek that the company is able to address the expectations of its stakeholders and shareholders. The main aim of CSR activities is to reduce the poverty striven world. This will help to strengthen the reputation of the company and the brand image will be highlighted effectively. An approach is necessary to be taken by the SMEs to promote CSR activities so that the adversity of economic viability is not affected directly (Arvidsson, 2014). It is an effort that needs to be taken to align the private enterprises along with achieving sustainable development also. It also minimizes the negative effects that can create a massive impact to the society as a whole. The major CSR activities include responsible sourcing, eco efficiency, engaging the stakeholders, maintaining effective employee and community relations maintain good governance and seek anti corruption measures also. There are various advantages of implementing CSR activities in an organization. It helps to increase sales and profits, save the operational costs, helps in attaining effective human resource base, improves brand reputation, helps in taking better decisions and also enhances the customer loyalty. In the recent years an increased amount of attention is being given to the companies to raise social awareness within the organization environment along with other societal environment also (Bindhu et al., 2014). CSR in terms of business can be defined as the level of responsiveness of the business to its stakeholders in terms f ethical, legal and other environmental expectations also. A lot of pressure has been created on the employees of an organization to seek that the company is able to raise its CSR standards efficiently. Various campaigns are being launched and jointly been ventured to ensure corporate social responsibility. A strategic value needs to be gathered in an organization so that the products and business relationships can be aligned effectively. These CSR activities are actually leading for the development of small and medium sized enterprises in developing countries (Grny, 2014). Also these CSR activities are also generating the importance of the NGOs and they are h aving a crucial role to be played as a whole. It is important to initiate a strategic approach so that the companys competitiveness can be increased. It also helps to encourage more environmental and social responsibility so that the benefits is evenly distributed among the company and it is necessary to see that all the employees seeks such inclusiveness towards CSR activities. The CSR activities also help in mitigating risks so that the social consequences can be rectified before implementing them in the market. The CSR activities also helps to offer a set of values that helps to build a more structured society and the economy is sustained and developed with favorable growth. Company Profile: Apple Inc. is a multinational company that is headquarter in California. This company mainly involves into consumer electronics and also designs computer software; online services and personal computers also.The company product line include iPod, IPhone, iPad and also Apple Mac book. The company also introduced Apple TV recently to develop its range of products. Apples consumer software also involves iOS operating system. It also includes iTunes Store and App store. The company was founded by Steve Jobs in the year 1976. To add more information to the company Apple is the second largest information technology company that has earned maximum revenue. Apple has created a sensational brand image in terms of mobile phones. Today the world craves for carrying an iPhone in their pockets because of the reputation it has been able to create on the minds of the consumers. There are more than 72000 employees employed by Apple as of today. The worlds largest music retailer Apple store is also o perated by the company itself. The total revenue of the company is estimated to be about US$182 billion. The company has also joined Dow Jones on March 19, 2015. Apple is expected to enjoy a high level of brand loyalty and it is also recognized as a global brand across the world. The employees in the company work whole heartedly and with full dedication so that all the uncertainties can be overcome. The main objective of the company is to follow a strategic marketing policy. Their main motto is Be unique. This signifies that the company aims to distinguish itself from the other companies. This could be done by initiating new and creative ideas to develop the products. It is also important include an efficient Research and Development team so that better quality of products could be introduced in the market. Apple believes the policy of not copying any idea from any other company. This point helps strongly to keep a unique proposition in terms of other companies. Apple designed its products keeping in mind that it caters to all type of its customers starting from the students to the business developers. The biggest competitor of the company is considered to be Microsoft. Microsoft tries to adopt all possible changes that Apple releases into the market (Hoi, Wu and Zhang, 2013). CSR Strategies adopted by Apple: Apple has contributed a lot to the CSR activities and also to build upon the business strategy of the organization. Apple has made the Form 10-K which constituted of the company annual report. It also included the relevant information on business strategies adopted by the company. It also includes all the legal information, financial data and the company risk factors also. Apple has also considered the GRI G3 indices which are related to the economy. This also includes publication on environmental reports, recycling its sources and also checks the supplier responsibility. The main aim of Apple in designing the products is to seek that a major indicator has been taken to ensure reports on environmental issues and also on the supplier responsibility. The energy efficient strategy of Apple is making the Apples products more powerful and at the same time it can be inferred that less amount of materials are also used (Kovcs and Valk, 2013). Another sustainable strategy taken up by the company for its innovativeness and creativity is by building an eco system around Apples software platform. The publishers, developers and multimedia distributors have contributed effectively to meet the goals of the company efficiently. However in spite of the fact that there was so much openness prevailing in the company there were disputes and criticisms regarding the software that was used by Apple. This acted as a hindrance to the companys profit making capability. Another important strategy was the distribution and service facility maintained by the company. There were various direct and indirect distribution channels that were used by the company to reach its customers at the end. The company also believes a direct and effective communication that needs to maintained at all different levels so that no information is been missed out to be informed to the customers at the end (Misztal and Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, 2014). In spite of all this it is hard to believe that apple is able to maintain high quality of after sales and support across the world. Apple is also planning a strategy to build a sustainable public relationship. Apple also believes to be operated under one roof therefore it is necessary to build effective supplier responsibilities. We know that Apples parts and products are globally outsourced therefore it is necessary to build an efficient chain of suppliers all over. Apple also works on targets such as taking corrective plans alon g with business partners, conducting onsite audits, etc. In spite of all these strategies implemented it was criticized that Apple had poor CSR integration strategy. The following points support the statement: First of all it is necessary to introduce a responsible strategy that need to be recommended so that all the stakeholders can be actively involved. There must be a collaboration to solve the entire supply chain problem together. Also there must be adaptability to achieve long term competitive advantage. Also it is necessary to introduce responsible and innovative supply chain that can reduce the overall cost as a whole. Also it is necessary to seek that the company is able to adopt an appropriate supplier so that it helps to achieve a sign of reliability. The company employees are also expected to identify themselves in terms of company values and corporate identity. Finally there must be initiatives taken to engage with all the contractors eventually. And this is also needed to push them in aligning with the business goals. The benefits that the supplier can share are that of sharing of information, building more capacity and facilitating of practices (Rojek-Nowosielska, 2014). Apples supply chain model is a CSR strategy that acts as a standard business model altogether so that the company is able to identify all its flaws and still move on towards meeting its goals efficiently. Major drivers of Apples CSR activities and its importance: Developing a CSR strategy around the company denotes a sense of obligation and bringing about certain well defined characters to enable effective growth to the organization. It is necessary for Apple to be embraced as a cool company and seek so that all its core values are highlighted. The major drivers of the companys CSR activities are as follows: To train the managers and workers on responsible practices: It is necessary for the suppliers to live up to all the standards in the industry. It is necessary to train the factory supervisors and the workers to maintain a safe and respectful workplace so that work related harassments can be reduced (Wirl, Feichtinger and Kort, 2013). It is also necessary to speak with all individual employees that they are able to understand their own rights and also seek that the company is able to violate all such rights of each and every employee. It is also necessary to train the employees so that they follow Apples code of conduct, occupational health and safety and abided by the laws of the nation. To give the workers opportunities to learn: Apple have newly introduces SEED (Supplier Employee Education and Development) program which is introduced with well equipped classrooms. This is an effective way to expand the workers education on their factory shifts for better skills and knowledge. Apple has also partnership with some local universities so that the workers have access to high school equivalency and also with advanced learning programs (Simpson and Taylor, 2013). Excessive work load and work hours need to be reduced: An important priority was imposed by Apple that excessive overtime should be reduced. Work week up to 60 hours should be permitted. And all the overtime undertaken must be voluntarily executed. What Apple does is that it tracks the work hours on a weekly basis so that millions of people can be reached in the supply chain. It is also necessary for the company to be notified in advance about the production plans. In this way the teams of Apple can work along with the suppliers and also seek to find out best possible solution. Adequate rest must also be ensured to the workers because that is a part of their employment contract. Prevention of Underage labor: Apple has the motto to eradicate underage labor. If it is found prevailing in the industry then they are placed on probation. Even sometimes the business relationship is terminated. They follow a comprehensive audit approach and check the entire workers portfolio properly when they are been hired by the company. The workers photo ids are also verified to check underage labor if it is prevailing or not. Apple undertakes the program of Underage Labor Remediation Program that includes that the underage workers must be sent back to school so that they can complete their studies and then uphold their financial commitment to the family in terms of income (Social Learning towards a Sustainable World, 2014). Recommending necessary CSR strategies that the company can initiate: Certain recommendations are been given to the company so that they can build over their CSR strategies more effectively. The recommendations are given below: Improving health and safety through education: It can be recommended to the company to ensure effective worker health and safety because this is considered as one of the important priorities for any company. This point can ensure corrective action plan. But there is a problem of people who have such leadership skills so people can be given training the ones who are experienced enough to take such leadership roles into account and the issues can be resolved as a result. A formal 18 month program can be built within the supply chain. Also the company can think about building a partnership with certain nonprofit organizations so that strong EHS programs can be built. This can be an efficient training program. Identifying and reducing risk: It is recommended to the company to reduce the amount of risks that are mostly associated with a company. This can be done by addressing all the hazards that are involved to the employees as well as to the suppliers. Various campaigns can be implemented such as site safety, health concerns of employees. Sometimes it is seen that these risks affects the company policy and it becomes a hindrance to the company growth as a whole. Ensuring worker well being: For this the human resource managers along with the line supervisors needs to be imparted training that involves mental health assessments. It is also necessary to create healthy work environment and keep the premises neat and tidy. Use recyclable products: It is recommended so that the company can use recyclable materials that are necessary to build the mobile phones and iPods. If the batteries of the computers and laptops are made of recyclable products then when they are scrapped they can be further used in the production process instead of dumping it forever. Launch campaigns for women empowerment: As we can see that in todays world the women are also going along with men in terms of work pressure. So various campaigns can be initiated so that the women feel secured within the work environment and also they are protected from any kind of uncertainties or accidents and they can successfully give their best. Cause to environmental responsibility: It is expected that the suppliers goes beyond the rules and regulations of laws to protect its environment. The company can built impact on waste management initiatives including waste water management drives so that water is able to reach all parts of the country. Profile surveys must be conducted to check the pollution databases and necessary educational campaigns may be taken up by the management. All the anti leakage grounds and weather proofing must be facilitated and checked by the management. Also actions must be taken regarding disposal of the waste so that environment is protected. Conclusion: It can be concluded that CSR activity basically acts a strategic management tool against the consumer realities. In todays world the consumers pursues individual convenience and self interest by seeking economically viable products. There are very few companies which takes initiatives to build upon strategies to build importance of CSR activities. The CSR activities should more focused towards the consumers because they are considered as the most important determinant of corporate behavior. Apple is a worldwide corporation that is striving to be a market leader. The CSR activity can act as an important resource that can leverage the expectations of the company as a whole. This can play a strong role in building relation and improving the brand identity as a whole. Basically they also reflect the societys expectations that it have from a company. The business also views it as an opportunity to build a long term strategy and thus CSR can be integrated to the core business activities al so. This also helps in creating a developed economy for the company. It was also found out that Apples CSR activities were criticized because the company failed to incorporate effective CSR communication to its employees. Apple must continue to build strong brand identity and position so that no further attention is been given to criticisms. References: Arvidsson, S. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and stock market actors: a comprehensive study.Social Responsibility Journal, 10(2), pp.210-225. Bindhu, M., Vijaya Rekha, P., Umamaheswari, T. and Umadevi, M. (2014). Antibacterial activities of Hibiscus cannabinus stem-assisted silver and gold nanoparticles.Materials Letters, 131, pp.194-197. Fukushima, T. (2012). The significance of CSR in A/R CDM promotion from the case study of Japan: a focus on corporate forest-related activities and emission trading.J For Res, 18(4), pp.293-304. Grny, A. (2014). Influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on safety culture.Management, 18(1). Hill, C. (2014). Apples Dictation Software: A Voice Solution for Writers Whose Hands Need a Rest.WAP, 5(2), pp.349-355. Hoi, C., Wu, Q. and Zhang, H. (2013). Is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Associated with Tax Avoidance? Evidence from Irresponsible CSR Activities.The Accounting Review, 88(6), pp.2025-2059. Hllerer, M. (2013). From Taken-for-Granted to Explicit Commitment: The Rise of CSR in a Corporatist Country.Journal of Management Studies, 50(4), pp.573-606. Kim, J., Park, Y., Kim, C. and Lee, H. (2013). Mobile application service networks: Apples App Store.Service Business, 8(1), pp.1-27. Kovcs, I. and Valk, G. (2013). Sustainable consumption consumers' reactions to CSR activities in Hungary.Regional Statistics, 3(1), pp.141-154. Misztal, A. and Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek, M. (2014). Environmental issues of the corporate social responsibility.Management, 18(1). Munro, V. (2013). Stakeholder Preferences for Particular Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Activities and Social Initiatives (SIs): CSR Initiatives to Assist Corporate Strategy in Emerging and Frontier Markets.Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 2013(51), pp.72-105. Pei, H., Yu, S. and Tian, B. (2014). Analysis of Apples Design Management Policy.AMM, 496-500, pp.2626-2629. Przychodze, W. and Przychodze, J. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility for Sustainability.MBA. CE, 22(2), pp.80-97. Report shows need to reinvigorate corporate social responsibility. (2014).ECOS. Rogowski, W. (2013). Examples of CSR related activities in polish companies / Miejsce spoecznej odpowiedzialnoci wstrategiach przedsibiorstw.Organization and Management, 2013(1 (154). Rojek-Nowosielska, M. (2014). Corporate social responsibility level theoretical approach.Management, 18(1). Simpson, J. and Taylor, J. (2013).Corporate governance, ethics, and CSR. London: Kogan Page. Social Learning Towards a Sustainable World. (2014).Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 8(1), pp.85-85. Straussman, J. (2014). Developing craft skills with quasi-cases: The example of the Big Apple's flirtation with congestion pricing.Teaching Public Administration. Tai, F. and Chuang, S. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility.iBusiness, 06(03), pp.117-130. The Effects of CSR Activities on Firms Financial Performance : Investigating in terms of CSR Development Stages. (2013).JCIT, 8(12), pp.414-418. Wirl, F., Feichtinger, G. and Kort, P. (2013). Individual firm and market dynamics of CSR activities.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 86, pp.169-182.

Migration and Development

Since time immemorial, people have always moved from their original or cradle land and found settlements in other places. This movement is caused by a number f reasons some of which are intentional while others are as a result of catastrophic occurrences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Migration and Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This movement of people from one place to another is referred to as migration (Giddens, 1984). The aim of this discussion is to look at some of the impacts that migration has on the immigrant, the people around the immigrant and the community at large. In addition, this discussion will also focus on the link between migration and development. There are quite a number of developmental issued that have emerged as a result of migration. This is because; most of the people who migrate are part of a workforce in a given society. This therefore means that their departure will le ave a gap in the workforce of their society and will also add to the workforce of the so city where the immigrants will finally settle. The United States of America for instance has continued to receive immigrants from many parts of the world with most of the immigrants to America coming from Mexico. This has created a relationship of dependency considering that America is a 1st world country while Mexico is still a developing country. Many European countries have also seen immigrants from North America move into these countries permanently (Agunias, 2006). During the boom period that was experienced in the 60s and 70s there were several agreements that were reached between the countries that were receiving labour and those that were providing labour. However, when this period came to an end, the needs of the countries that were receiving labour changed and this broke the ties between these countries. Migration from various anthropological studies has been viewed in various angles s ome of which have been addressed in this discussion. Migration has been looked at from the angle of modernization. This is where anthropologists have argued that migration was used a tool of modernization.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This meant that since people in third world countries would migrate to 1st word countries in search of labour, they would get to earn of the new ways of life and when they went back to their native countries the would take back the new practices. At the same time, by the immigrants providing labour in the 1st wor1d countries they would contribute to development and this enhanced modernization. Thus, if an immigrant from North Africa moved to Europe both the native country and the country that the immigrant settles in stand to benefit as a result of the migration. On the other hand, migration has been said to create dependency between the third w orld countries and the already developed countries. This is because, the immigrants who are from the periphery countries always depend on the core countries to provide them with labour opportunities so that they can migrate and set their base of work there. The immigrants therefore do not consider how they can look for ways to develop their own countries and develop a sense of livelihood without having to migrate. Therefore, an immigrant from North Africa would prefer to migrate to a European country in search of labour opportunities instead of looking for labour opportunities in his or her own country. Migration has also been considered in two main ways. There is migration from a peripheral or a third world country to first world country that is the most common (Kapur, 2003). There is also a new trend whereby people from third world countries are migration from the rural areas into the urban areas of their country in search of job opportunities. While the latter is different from t he former, the concept is still the same. This trend has brought about other issues of development (Kearney, 1986). While on one hand this issue encouraged development and urbanization, there is also slow growth in the rural areas as almost everybody has moved to the big cities and towns in search of work. Impacts of Migration The impacts that migration has on the immigrant, the people around him or her like the family members and the community at large can be looked at from two perspectives. There are some impacts that are negative while others are positive.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Migration and Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To begin with, when an immigrant moves from his native country to another country, the society from he come from is deprived of one of the most important pillars of development that is the labour force (Kuhn, 1962). This means that even though the immigrants is likely to come back with new concepts that could enhance development, already the native country of the immigrant is likely to suffer as far as development is concerned due to lack of sufficient labour force. As a result, the local and regional economies are greatly undermined (Rodenburg, 1997). This situation leads to a continued trend of dependence on the first world countries to provide labour opportunities. The end result is that since the native country is experiencing sluggish growth or the growth is almost ground to a halt for lack of enough labour, poverty crops in, and this encourages even greater migration as people sort of seek refuge in greener pastures (Hass, 2010). Migration is also seen as creating inequality especially in third world countries (Sen, 1999). This is because the labour opportunities that are provided by the developed countries are such that not every person in the developing country can qualify to take them up. This means that for those who are not able to ta ke up the opportunities. Their fate is sort of sealed. Looking at it from this angle, then one clearly concedes that migration is not a tool for development especially for the counties from where the immigrants come from. Migration has not in any way helped the alleviation or reduction of poverty in the developing countries. If anything, it has helped increase poverty levels by high margins as the productivity of the community has gone low for lack of enough labour force. There is yet another argument that has been developed regarding the role played by migration in development (Myrdal, 1957). It is argued that most of the immigrants together with their families do not have a proper investment strategy of the money they earn upon migration. Instead, they spend their money on various consumer goods since most of the 1st world countries encourage consumerism. This therefore means that when the immigrants go back to their native countries, they have nothing to shoe for their work and t his paralyses development (Glick et al, 1991).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Migration and development are intertwined but whether migration has aided development remains a subject of debate and the controversy surrounding the subject does not seem to go away any time soon. References Agunias, D. (2006) Remittances and Development: Trends, Impacts, and Policy  Options. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press. Glick, Szanton et al. (1991) Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. Hass, H. (2010) Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. Oxford: University of Oxford. Kapur, D. (2003) Remittances: The New Development Mantra? Paper prepared for the G-24 Technical Group Meeting, September. 15–16. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Kearney, A. (1986) From the invisible hand to visible feet: Anthropological Studies of Migration and Development. California: University of California. Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Myrdal, G. (1957) Rich Lands and Poor. New York: Harper and Row. Rodenburg, J. (1997) In the Shadow of Migration: Rural Women and their Households in North Tapanuli, Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press. Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books. This essay on Migration and Development was written and submitted by user Cayson Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Universe Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang, Universe

The Universe Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang, Universe The Universe It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireballan extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model seems more reasonable than the Steady State model. The second observational evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion of the primeval fireball in the past. The primeval fireball would have sent strong shortwave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cool, and fill the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, all year.3 And so it appears that astronomers have detected the fireball radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady State model. The Steady State could not explain the existence of this radiation, so the model cannot best explain the beginning of the universe. Since the Big Bang model is the better model, the existence and the future of the universe can also be explained. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos, where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum weirdness.4 Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For an extremely brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may have a diameter of a few centimetres. The temperature had cooled enough for particles of matter and antimatter to form, and they instantly destroy each other, producing fire and a thin haze of matter-apparently because slightly more matter than antimatter was formed.5 The fireball, and the smoke of its burning, was the universe at an age of trillionth of a second. The temperature of the expanding fireball dropped rapidly, cooling

The Story Behind the Phrase Kilroy Was Here

The Story Behind the Phrase Kilroy Was Here For a few years during and after World War II, he was ubiquitous: a doodle of a big-nosed man, peering over a wall, accompanied by the inscription Kilroy was here. At the height of his popularity, Kilroy could be found just about everywhere: in bathrooms and on bridges, in school cafeterias and on homework assignments, in the holds of Navy ships and painted on the shells of Air Force missiles. A classic Bugs Bunny cartoon from 1948, Haredevil Hare, shows just how deeply Kilroy had penetrated into pop culture: thinking hes the first rabbit to land on the moon, Bugs is oblivious to the slogan Kilroy was here prominently etched on a rock behind him. The Prehistory of Kilroy Was Here Where did the meme- and thats exactly what it was, 50 years before the invention of the internet- Kilroy was here come from? Well, graffiti itself has been around for thousands of years, but the Kilroy drawing seems to have derived from a similar graffito, Foo was here, popular among Australian servicemen during World War I; this was also a depiction of a big-nosed cartoon figure peering over a wall, but it was not accompanied by any words. Around the same time  Kilroy was popping up in unexpected places in the U.S., another doodle, Mr. Chad, was appearing in England. The Chad doodle may have derived from the Greek symbol for Omega, or it may have been a simplified adaptation of a circuit diagram; whatever the case, it carried the same someone is watching connotation as Kilroy. At some point shortly before the outbreak of World War II, it seems, Foo, Chad, and Kilroy merged their memetic DNA and mutated into the classic Kilroy was here. Where Did Kilroy Come From? As to the derivation of the name Kilroy, thats a matter of some dispute. Some historians point to James J. Kilroy, an inspector at the Fore River Shipyard in Braintree, MA, who supposedly wrote Kilroy was here on various parts of ships as they were being built (after the ships were completed, these inscriptions would have been inaccessible, hence Kilroys reputation for getting into impossible-to-reach locations). Another candidate is Francis J. Kilroy, Jr., a soldier in Florida, sick with the flu, who wrote Kilroy will be here next week on the wall of his barracks; since this story only appeared in 1945, though, it seems doubtful that Francis, rather than James, was the source of the Kilroy legend. Of course, its also possible that neither James nor Francis Kilroy were involved in any way, and that the name Kilroy was conjured up from scratch by a bored G.I. At this point, we should mention a 2007 documentary, Fort Knox: Secrets Revealed, which aired in 2007 on the History Channel. The premise of the show is that Fort Knox was loaded with gold in 1937, but only made accessible to the public in the 1970s- so the producers at the History Channel could uncork part of the forts innards and visit a time capsule of pre-war America. In the documentary, Kilroy was here can be seen written on a wall inside the vault, which would imply that the origin of this meme dates to no later than 1937. Unfortunately, it was later revealed by one of the shows consultants that the vault footage was recreated (i.e., completely made up), which should make you think twice about the historical accuracy of anything aired on this cable channel! Kilroy Was Here Goes to War The four years of World War II were a tough, dangerous, and often lonely slog for Americas servicemen, who needed any form of entertainment they could get. In this regard, Kilroy was here functioned as a morale booster- when U.S. soldiers landed on a beachhead, they would often see this meme inscribed on a wall or fence nearby, presumably planted there by an advance reconnaissance team. As the war progressed, Kilroy was here became an emblem of pride, carrying the message that no place, and no country, was beyond the reach of Americas might (and especially not if Kilroy was here happened to be painted on the side of a missile penetrating deep into enemy territory). Amusingly, neither Josef Stalin nor Adolf Hitler, two dictators not known for their sense of humor, could quite make sense of  Kilroy was here. The famously paranoid Stalin was reportedly unsettled when he glimpsed a Kilroy was here graffito in a bathroom stall at the Potsdam Conference in Germany; presumably he instructed the NKVD to find the individual responsible and have him shot. And Kilroy was here was inscribed on so many pieces of American ordinance recovered by the Germans that Hitler wondered if Kilroy was a master spy, along the lines of the yet-to-be-invented James Bond! Kilroy has had a robust afterlife. Old memes never truly go away; they persist out of historical context, so that a six-year-old watching Adventure Time or reading a Peanuts comic strip from the 1970s will be aware of this phrase, but not of its origins or its connotations. Its not only the case that Kilroy was here; Kilroy is still among us, in comic books, video games, TV shows, and all sorts of pop-culture artifacts.

Forensics- Narcotic Drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forensics- Narcotic Drugs - Research Paper Example In addition, the paper will examine the process of presentation of exhibit in a law court, especially in cases that involve drug abuse. Further, the paper will analyze the use of evidence to facilitate prosecution or acquittal of individuals with criminal charges. The detection of drug abuse in body fluids, blood, tissues, and corpses is a common procedure done in forensic laboratories. Agencies that perform forensic examination of evidences in law enforcement include the FBI, the NIDA, and the DEA and Justice departments (Lowney, 1994). These agencies control, regulate and classify drugs that are commonly abused and investigate cases that relate to drug abuse. Narcotics are drugs that occur naturally in poppy seeds or opioid substances that are semi-synthetic; the medical purpose of these drugs is to relieve pain in patients  suffering from terminal ailments like cancer (Lowney, 1994). The concept narcotic means a state of sluggishness or lethargy and these drugs are significantly essential in the medical field when used as per the physician’s directions. However, these drugs may find their way into the black market where they mix with a wide range of drugs, which could be poisonous (Lowney, 1994). The ills associated with drug use make the concept of narcotics lose social acceptability. As a result, the legislature has criminalized the use of narcotic drugs. Drug users experience confrontations from various laws and law enforcement agencies, which strive to stop the use of drugs and avoid the criminal cases associated with drugs use and abuse (Brickey, 1995). Drugs and crime share an intimate relationship, as most criminals are drug dealers while others use drugs for courage that helps to commit crimes comfortably. Drug addicts can kill people and rob them off their money to buy drugs. Therefore, crime results from drugs and crime causes drugs use while both crime and drugs have strong connections to social forces. Drugs are classified into three

The Deliberate-Emergent Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Deliberate-Emergent Strategy - Essay Example 260). Five years later, Mintzberg (1990) wrote a critique of the 'design school' generally associated with the Harvard Business School where Porter was a faculty member (Mintzberg was then a professor at Canada's McGill University). Before going into the essence of the discussions, a brief explanation is in order as to what Mintzberg meant when he distinguished these two methods - deliberate and emergent - of formulating strategy, also known as defining 'long-term' organisational objectives. Deliberate strategy is a method of formulating strategy following an over-all design dictated by top management that needs to be followed more or less strictly, whilst emergent strategy is a method of developing strategy following a trial and error approach based on general guidelines agreed on by everyone in the organisation (Mintzberg, 1990). Deliberate strategy is a 'top-down' approach, the product of what he called the 'design' or 'planning' school, whilst emergent strategy is its opposite, a process of 'learning by doing' that belongs to the 'learning' or 'emerging strategy' school. Taking up the challenge was Ansoff, one of the 'fathers' of strategic planning (1965), who felt alluded to. He countered with a defence (1991) of the 'design school' and a discussion and critique of Mintzberg's 'emerging strategy' school. Mintzberg responded (1991) by categorising an earlier Ansoff work (1987) as being part of the 'design school' and built upon the basic premises proposed by Andrews (1987). Although Mintzberg (1991) agreed that both emergent learning and deliberate planning are necessary for good strategy formulation, he defends his initial position that in a fast-changing world characterised by the rise of knowledge workers, learning organisations, and ever-shifting markets, the top-down deliberate strategy approach must be balanced by placing greater attention on emergent strategy techniques. Up next inside the ring was Goold (1992), a Boston Consulting Group (BCG) consultant who elaborated upon and defended his and BCG's role in Honda's development of a successful motorcycle strategy. He acknowledged the differences between the planning (deliberate) and learning (emergent) approaches but counselled that synthesis and collaboration, rather than conflict, are most appropriate for the continued development of the discipline, a view that Porter (1996) and Mintzberg (with Lampel, 1999) supported. A thorough study and analyses of the academic papers surrounding the debate would show that, in reality, there may be no grounds for conflict as the arguments proposed by both schools seem equally sound and reasonable. To better understand why, it would be necessary to develop a clear understanding (Johnson, Scholes, and Whittington, 2005) of strategy, strategy formulation, and strategic management and implementation (or execution). Strategy comes from the Greek word strategos meaning "art of the general" and implies its initial application in warfare (Watson, 1993, p. 26). Strategic planning involves knowing what to do in the future and is also called "long-range planning", but before an

How Aerial Travel and Cabin Pressure Adversely Affects the Human Body Essay Example for Free

How Aerial Travel and Cabin Pressure Adversely Affects the Human Body Essay The idea of humans traveling to the Moon or other areas out side of the Earths orbit is mostly scientific. However, when astronauts remain in space, having to re-balance the body to suit less or no gravity compared to the Earth could bring about many changes to the body. Scientists have found that the time required for recovery depends on the time spent in zero-gravity conditions. The longer one stays off of the Earths surface, the more damage can be caused. Strictly speaking, even a trip in an Airplane would require safety precautions to minimize damage to the body of this. For example, cabin pressure increased to maintain balance and prevent feeling different to a lower pressure. This essay will consist of two sections. The first will be of flight effects within the Earths hemisphere, and how to perhaps prevent damage to the body. The second, and longer section deals with space travel through Zero-gravity and effects of weightlessness on the body and the counter-measures to prevent damage to the body. Section 1, flight effects on the passengers, specifically dealing with cabin pressure: Airplanes fly at the cruising altitude of around 33000 feet, or approximately 10000 meters. Because the cruising altitude has a cabin pressure lower than air pressure on ground or even under sea-level, the oxygen availability is less and gases within the body expand. This causes the oxygen saturation level of the blood to reduce, which can lead to mild hypoxia, the reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues around the body. Due to the effects of hypoxia, alcohol consumption would affect the brain much more than it would on Earth. As the aircraft makes its decent back to Earth, air must be allowed to flow into the middle of the ear to equalize pressure differences. Passengers often can feel this change in air pressure. People with ear, nose and sinus infections are usually advised to avoid flying because of these changes in air pressure. Air travel in airplanes has less thank 20% humidity. This causes discomfort to the eyes, mouth and nose but does not risk the passengers health. This discomfort can be prevented by drinking liquids (water recommended) before and during the flight, and using skin moisturizers. Also passengers with short-sightedness or long-sightedness are advised to wear eye-glasses rather than contact lenses during flight as the contact lenses may dry out. In order to avoid de-hydration, passengers should drink non- alcoholic beverages. Section 2, how traveling through space affects humans Astronauts often experience Zero- Gravity during their travels through space. This zero gravity or micro gravity can bring about health concern to the body if astronauts remain in space for a long period of time. It would be much healthier for crews to live under artificial gravity. In order to prevent any biological changes in the body when experiencing zero gravity, scientists recommend a force of artificial gravity equal to a third of the Earths level of gravity. However, scientists still havent research affects of artificial gravity on humans but they know for a fact and there is an imbalance in the body due to the shifts of gravity levels. Artificial gravity prevents physiological changes from occurring. In zero-gravity, the body deteriorates. It takes less muscle to move around, so after a long period of time in space, muscles weaken so the body bends. Because there is no tension in space, muscles relax and after a while they atrophy as a result of disuse and eventually disappear. To prevent the fracture of bones, limbs and muscles, all space shuttles give the opportunity for astronauts to do rigorous exercise everyday to keep the muscles strong. Staying in Zero-gravity for months causes bones to lose mass and get thinner, as they are not carrying any weight. This means astronauts must go through rigorous trainings in the spacecraft everyday in order to keep muscle and bone strength. When a great deal of the crews precious time in space is spent exercising rather than doing science, money and potential knowledge are being squandered for the sake of health. It is a sacrifice, but a necessary one1 In space, receptors in the inner ear allow humans to sense direction. In space, ear receptors dont receive the same cues and the mind gets used to ignoring the inner ears feelings about balance. Hand-eye coordination, posture and balance are all affected by the disorientation of the mind. When astronauts return to earth, they are often overwhelmed by dizziness and have difficulty in maintaining balance. An example of the mind adapting to the new gravity less surroundings would be with Shannon Lucid, who was on board the Russian space Station MIR for six months. The astronaut said You just sort of get used to floating around but we also know that floating around is not all that astronauts do- they must resist the effects of micro gravity on the body. Also, no gravity means no resistance from growing, so some astronauts return to earth some 6 inches taller than when they left. It is only after a few months that they grow down/ shrink back to normal height. This is because of the unloading of spinal discs- because of lack of gravity, the discs in the spine are not holding up or don anything, so they tend to stretch rather than contract. Traveling through micro gravity causes bodily fluids to shift from the lower body to the cephalic area (head), and so peoples faces tend to swell and become rounder than they are on earth. When the brain senses a higher amount of blood than usual, it interprets the situation that there is now an overall increase in the total volume of fluids in the body. The brain responds by triggering the excretion of fluids, making astronauts prone to dehydration. Also, the fluid redistribution can shrink legs as the bones are weaker. These fluids pass through the kidneys, causing kidney filtration rate to increase, bone loss can cause Kidney stones. Fluids that leave the body include calcium loss and bone demineralization. The loss of blood plasma causes temporary Anemia upon the return to Earth. Some crew members get space anemia. Scientists are concerned about the affects of catching this disease on over all crew performance. Blood volume may decrease by 10 percent. The increase of fluids in the head causes the same feeling as when one has a cold and feels blocked in. in space astronauts begin to lose their sense of taste, causing the craving for strong flavorings in the food such as horseradish, mustard and taco sauce. Fluid loss, lack of exercise and diminished appetite cause weight loss as astronauts tend not to eat as much as they would on earth. Meals and exercise are planned to prevent excessive loss. Zero-gravity affects the cardio-vascular system. On earth we must cope with gravity, which sustains or slows down the blood-flow. In zero gravity, there is no gravity force, causing the heart to slow down due to the decreased demands of blood as it travels more freely. The immune system in the body is also affected by weightlessness. In space, one is exposed to illness as the immune response lowers and numbers of anti-bodies decrease after a long exposure to micro gravity. Approximately half of all astronauts are affected by this unpleasant syndrome which affects nausea, headache, lethargy and sweating (taken from NASA sources). Also, minor effects of weightlessness on the body include puffiness in the face, flatulence, weight loss, nasal congestion and often sleeping disturbances. Upon returning to earth, recovery time depends on the duration of stay in space. Muscles are weak and the body is not used to gravity forces, (causing them to feel dizzy) and so some astronauts are taken back in stretchers. This shows why astronauts need to be at the peak of fitness. If in the near future the human race would build space stations as tourist resorts, some would prefer hotels with zero-gravity and some would want partial gravity, which would bring about competition like hotels on earth, which would drive prices low. As gravity affects all biological, physical and chemical processes on earth, building an International Space Station gives new opportunity to study a world without gravity and its affect on animals and other living organisms. Observing the weightlessness effect on these living organisms could teach scientists about biological processes on earth, such as aging and osteoporosis. In the end, we can see that human travel through space is safer under artificial gravity when compared to astronauts being exposed to weightlessness, micro gravity or zero gravity (all three mean the same). Most of the problems mentioned such as fluid loss and muscle deterioration would not cause problems as long as the crew remained in a weightless environment. Remaining in a zero-gravity environment for over a long period of time could cause problems, however. In 1987, in the later stages of his 326-day mission, Russian Yuri Romanenko was fatigued both physically and mentally due to traveling through space. The majority of his day was spent sleeping regaining strength, in the meantime his bones were deteriorating. Some say if many like Romanenko stayed in space for much longer, he may not have survived re-entry to the Earth. Returning to Earth could cause problems as the body is much weaker due to demineralization and atrophy of the bones and shortage of red blood cells. Ones balan ce must now again be readjusted causing many astronauts to feel dizzy when back to a strong g force gravity on earth. Whether or not the large amount of time and money spent on keeping astronauts fit during space flight is worth the scientific findings is debatable. Physiological effects need to be prevented as much a possible. Again, this is usually prevented by rigorous exercise and micro gravity could still be a danger to the astronauts health. Many scientists believe that the benefits of transporting/sending out machines (robots) and humans to space, despite the health issues, are nothing compared to the huge benefit that society will receive. Humans will not be perfectly suited to living in a weightless environment, but that wont stop Astrobiologists and many other research firms like NASA from exploring space. The many benefits of space exploration such as technological knowledge and inspiration easily outweigh the negative aspects. Bibliography: Sources were from Newspapers, CDs, web sites and a large extract of a book in one of the web-pages. Most web sites accessed on the 11th December 2003 and 9th January 2004. 1) http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=adapt02 2) www.permanent.com/s-nograv.htm 3) http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php%3fpage=adapt02 4) www.spacefuture.com/habitat/zerog.shtml 5) http://mos.org/cst/article/77/6.html 6) http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/spacestation/basics/why.html 7) www.relaxincomfort.com/zerogravity_benefits.html 8) http://experts.about.com/q/2540/2677459.htm 9) www.uclas.ac.uk/facs/science/physastr/courses/space/ssyear1/sc1201.htm 10) http://www.who.int/ith/chapter02_01.html 11) Definitions from Microsoft Encarta 2003 Premium Suite CD 12) http://library.thinkquest.org/2606/Environmental_problems/water_pollution_-_effects.html (used for first idea of project) 1 http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php%3fpage=adapt02

Rosa Parks :: essays research papers

Rosa Parks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many women who have changed the world in the fields of math, science, sports, music, writing and leadership. Rosa Parks was a leader to help the blacks become equal to whites. Eleanor Roosevelt was also a leader because she helped the poor. Harriet Tubman was also a leader which helped free black slaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am going to tell what Rosa Parks did to help the world be a better place. Parks, Rosa Louise (1913- ), civil rights leader, born in Tuskegee, Alabama. She attended Alabama State College, worked as a seamstress and housekeeper, and was active in the Montgomery Voters League and the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Youth Council. In 1943 she was elected secretary of the Montgomery branch of the NAACP. In a celebrated incident in 1955 she was arrested for violating segregation laws when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. This resulted in a boycott of the bus system by blacks, with Martin Luther King, Jr. leading the movement. In spite of harassment the boycott continued, and in 1956 segregated seating was challenged in a federal lawsuit. Within a few months bus segregation was ruled unconstitutional, and the buses were officially desegregated in December 1956. Parks, who had lost her job because of the boycott, moved to Detroit, Michigan, the following year, and again took in sewing. She also worked as a fundraiser for the NAACP. In 1965 she was hired by Congressman John Conyers, Jr., also a civil rights leader, to manage his Detroit office. She remained active in the NAACP and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1987 she founded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self-Development,

Contextualising the text – Yerma

Throughout his adult life, Garcia Lorca spoke frequently and with great pleasure about the profound importance he attributed to his early childhood in the small villages in the countryside near Granada, and later, in the provincial capital itself. Lorca's father, Federico Garcia Rodriguez was a wealthy landowner with several substantial holdings in the rich alluvial plain called La Vega de Granada. Having been widowed in his first marriage and left without children, Don Federico's second marriage (of which his family disapproved because of the inferior social and economic background of his bride) was to a school teacher from Granada, Vincenta Lorca Romero. The mere fact that she had a profession and a job is an indication of her independence and strength of character. The influence of her personality was to be of the utmost importance for Federico Garcia Lorca, her eldest son, born in June of 1898. The experience of the first ten years in that fertile region of slow rivers and poplar groves, with the snow-capped Sierra Nevada in the distance, seems to have provided Lorca with an inexhaustible well-spring of inspiration and feeling for Spain's rural people and their world. The rural folk he was surrounded by became a great influence in his work as we are shown in his second rural play Yerma. Act 2, scene 1 shows us a parallel to what Lorca would have witnessed often during his childhood. In his late teens he began to write poems that he would recite in local cafes. As a child he was known to carry on conversations with inanimate objects, bestowing upon each object a personality and speaking with them as if they were living things and might speak back at any moment. His writing career began with a book of essays in 1918, followed by a play in 1920 and book of poetry in 1921. In 1919 he left to study law at the Residencia de Estudiantes, where he met and became friends with film director Luis Bunuel and painter Salvador Dali, among other Spanish notables of his generation. With the exception of summer vacations spent in Granada, Garcia Lorca would stay in the Residencia until 1928, by which time he had become Spain's most highly respected younger poet. In the period of his greatest fame, Lorca drifted into a depressive, disillusioned state of mind. He described himself to a friend as suffering â€Å"one of the saddest and most unpleasant moments of my life. † He abandoned the gypsy ballad poetry that was making him famous. He even stopped reading his poetry to friends. He was rescued from this melancholy mood by his mentor, Fernando de los Rios, who took him from Madrid through France and England to New York City. In his plays, the pivotal characters are women. Women are the ones who suffer from desire and pass through conflict to tragic or comic resolution. Most of the scenes take place in women's spaces, the domestic interiors which they rule and from which men are estranged (or, as in The House of Bernarda Alba, completely prohibited). The female characters reveal themselves most easily and deeply in conversations with other women. The poetry which erupts at moments of emotional intensity usually comes from the mouths of female characters. Especially in the three great tragedies which are known as his â€Å"trilogy of rural life,† Lorca chooses women to exemplify the human life which is crushed by Spanish customs and social life. He went to Cuba in 1929-30 and returned to Spain in 1931. That year Spain became a Republic, which gave hope to many – Garcia Lorca included – that Spain's standard of living would be improved, its illiteracy reduced and its culture more widely disseminated. He became a director of a student theatre company, â€Å"La Barraca,† which toured small villages and in the faces of harassment by Fascist partisans presented the Spanish classics to the peasants. The company produced the three â€Å"rural tragedies† on which Garcia Lorca's theatrical reputation rests. Yerma (1934), the second of the three tragedies, is the story of a woman who is unable to conceive although she desperately longs to have a child. The first and third tragedies are Blood Wedding (1933) and The House Bernada Alba, which was never performed during Garcia Lorca's lifetime. At the start of the Spanish Civil War, he went to Granada, which he regarded as relatively safe. Although he had no political affiliations, he was known to be a friend of left-wing intellectuals and an advocate of liberty. Apparently this was enough of an indictment for the Falangists who arrested him on the orders of the Nationalist Civil Governor on August 16, 1936. He was held for two days, tortured and shot. Garcia Lorca was homosexual, and he suffered greatly because of the strict, conservative nature of Spain at that time. His writings were outlawed in Granada's Plaza del Carmen. Even speaking his name was forbidden. The young poet quickly became a martyr, an international symbol of the politically oppressed, but his plays were not revived until the 1940s, and certain bans on his work remained in place until as late as 1971. Today, Garcia Lorca is considered the greatest Spanish poet and dramatist of the 20th Century.

Assessment Base Reading Instruciton Case Study Essay

Table of Contents Introduction Description of the Student Background Information PART 1: Administration of Assessments DIBELS: A Universal Assessment Battery Description and Purpose of the Assessment Setting for the Assessment Description of the Assessment Administration Process Results of the Assessment Analysis of the Assessment Results Running Records Description and Purpose of the Assessment The running record allows you to record the child’s reading behavior as he or she reads from the book. The purpose of a running record is a tool used to determine word recognition reading fluency reading strategies, self- corrections, and comprehension. It is an individually conducted formative assessment which is ongoing and curriculum based. It provides a graphic  representation of a student’s oral reading, identifying patterns of effective and ineffective strategy use. This method was developed by Marie Clay, the originator of Reading Recovery. Running records helps document reading progress over time. Help teachers decide what students need to learn and matches students to appropriate books. We want to capture all the behaviors to help interpret what the child was probably doing. Everything the child says and does tells us something: when the reading is correct, what his hands and eyes were doing, the comments he made and when he repeated a line of text. Setting f or the Assessment Library setting, after school. This was the only time available. Description of the Assessment Administration Process Select a book that is the child’s reading level. Explain to the child that he or she will read out loud as you observe and record his or her reading behavior. Sit next to the child so that you can see the text and the child’s finger and eye movements as he or she reads the text. Use running record form. As the child reads, mark each word on the running record form by using the symbols on the chart that follows. Place a check mark above each word that is read correctly. If the child reads incorrectly, record above the word what the child reads. If the child is reading too fast for you to record the running record, ask him or her to pause until you catch up. Intervene as little as possible while the child is reading. If the child is stuck and unable to continue, wait 5 to10 seconds and tell him or her the word. If the child seems confused, indicate the point of confusion and say, â€Å"Try again.† Results of the Assessment Student read 156 words at 98% accuracy. She had 3 errors and 2 self corrects. She missed boredom, I told her the word. She changed plan for idea, setting, characters, and beginning. She had trouble with middle and end. She did know the main idea but could not list supporting details. I would move this student to a higher level text. This text was easy for the student. Analysis of the Assessment Results Student read 156 words at 98% accuracy. She had 3 errors and 2 self corrects. She missed boredom, I told her the word. She changed plan for idea, setting, characters, and beginning. She had trouble with middle and end. She did know the main idea but could not list supporting details. This student needs practice in retelling story in sequence. She had issues with middle and end. I think she was going for a fluency score and read too fast. She had problems orally retelling middle and end. This level is an appropriate level for this student. I will use the results to plan for this student. Teaching purposes for running records. To find a book level appropriate for a child. Check a child after a series of lessons. Evaluate whether a lift in text level is appropriate. Observe particular difficulties in particular children in order to modify instructional emphasis. Evaluate in order to place a child in an appropriate instructional group, class or school. Add to a record which is monitoring an individual’s progress over time. Reading Inventory Description and Purpose of the Assessment Setting for the Assessment Description of the Assessment Administration Process Results of the Assessment Analysis of the Assessment Results Additional Diagnostic Assessment: Learner Choice Description and Purpose of the Assessment Setting for the Assessment Description of the Assessment Administration Process Results of the Assessment Analysis of the Assessment Results Overall Analysis of Assessment Results PART 2: Recommendations for Interventions and Instruction Identifying Student Needs Recommendations for Interventions and Instruction Recommendations for Further Assessment References Appendices Appendix A: DIBELS Scoring Documents Appendix B: Running Records Scoring Documents Appendix C: Reading Inventory Documents Appendix D: Additional Assessment Documents

Analysing Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay Example

Analysing Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay Example Analysing Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay Analysing Person Centred Planning Social Work Essay The articles used in this annotated bibliography focal point on person-centred planning and they explain the stairss involved in inventing the program and guaranting that it is carried out. It describes all of the important subjects necessary to a program ; a few illustrations are volitions and estate planning, the Henson Trust and individualized support. The articles focus on the fact that people with developmental disablements should hold the same rights and same picks as the remainder of the population and be a causal member of their community and society as a whole. Person-centred planning topographic points complete control of the planning procedure and on the individual with the disablement. However, it offers aid and pertinent information to the individual, so that he or she is able to do informed determinations independently. Individualized Support: Vision, Rights and Principles. ( 1997, June 8,9 ) . Retrieved January 18, 2011, from Individualized Funding Information Resources: hypertext transfer protocol: //members.shaw.ca/ bsalisbury/IF % 20 % 20Visions, % 20 Rights % 20 amp ; % 20Princi ples.htm This article represents and defines the end of individualised support ( IF ) . It inspires people who need support to go dynamic and full participators of society, to holding single entree to the services elected by them. This empowers them to populate independent lives, as set out by the individualised support. Individualized support offers resources which individuals consider important in order to lend as a citizen of society. Individualized support is collectible entirely to the person who needs support or trusted representative and focuses on the demands of the individual. IF is besides movable in and across regional boundary lines, ministries and sections of government.Advantages of IF are that it is non based on privilege or appraisal, nor does it modulate funding bounds by categorizations or classs. Individualized support is besides concentrated on the financess an single demands for community life. However, the demands do include wellbeing, safety, mobility and citizenship. T his article is highly encouraging to people who need support, as it delivers the message of community populating through picks, and strives to develop a community, which is inclusive of all people. Planning Tools and Techniques. ( 2003 ) . Retrieved January 21, 2010, from The Particular Needs Planing Group: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.specialneedsplanning.ca/tools.html # # H The Henson Trust originated in Guelph, Ontario in the early 1980aa‚Â ¬a„?s by a adult male named Leonard Henson who had a girl with a developmental disablement. It is besides referred to as Absolute Trust and Discretionary Trust. This article covers the account and the history of the Henson Trust. It was begun so that people with developmental disablements could retain their assets every bit good as continuing their ODSP benefits when they become the donee of a will. Keeping their assets allows more fiscal freedom to take where and how they would wish to populate. The article does non mention to whether or non the Henson Trust is limited to the parents of a individual with a disablement. However, it does offer an unreplaceable description of the Henson Trust and the narrative of how it became. Through doggedness and love for his girl, one adult male created the Henson Trust, which today benefits all people with disablements by continuing their right to maintain their ass ets while having ODSP benefits. Volitions for people with an rational disablement. ( 2004, September ) . Retrieved February 13, 2011, from Intellectual Disability Rights Service: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idrs.org.au /pubs/for-pwid.html This article contains information on volitions, and the fact that everyone has the right to take if they want one, including people with an rational disablement. There are a batch of picks and determinations to be made when an single desires a will. The article addresses all people, and contains extra information for individuals with an rational disablement who would wish a will. The article describes the stairss that lead to the authorship of a will, explains extra stairss, which a individual with an rational disablement needs to take, such as holding a formal appraisal of capacity performed on them, to diminish the possibility of the will being contested once the will shaper is deceased. A formal appraisal of capacity would turn out that the will shaper to the full understood what he or she was making at the clip the will was drawn up and signed. Due to the copiousness of information merely mentioned, I do non experience as though this article is losing any pertinent information si ng volitions and estate picks. Daegher, L. ( 2007 ) . Planing for the Future: Peoples with a disablement. Retrieved January 20, 2011, from Department of Families, Community Services and Autochthonal Personal businesss: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fahcsia.gov.au /sa/carers/pubs/Documents/ PeopleWithDisability /Planning_for_the_Future.pdf This article contains priceless instruction on Future Planning for a people with developmental disablements. While be aftering for a household member with a developmental disabilitysaa‚Â ¬a„? hereafter, it is imperative to recognize the aspirations and dreams of the individual, along with the hopes of the household in this affair. This helps to make a position of how her or his hereafter may be, and develop a strategy to transport it out. Locating information to back up them in doing picks may be restricted to attorneies and fiscal contrivers, who lack experience and cognition in future planning for a individual with a developmental disablement. The planning should be inclusive of all the household membersaa‚Â ¬a„? demands, soon and in the hereafter, while remaining focused on the demands of the person with the developmental disablement, and including and valuing their penetration and sentiments. The article is really enlightening and offers a batch of advic e and freedom of pick to the individual with the disablement every bit good as his or her household. OBrien, J. , A ; Pearpoint, J. ( 1946 ) . Person Centered Planing With Maps and Path: A Workbook for Facilitators. Toronto: Inclusion Press. This article explains what maps and waies are and how they relate to individual centred planning. Maps and Paths are a agencies of recovering lost dreams and supplying hope and picks by conveying people together to envision and act upon holding meaningful and productive hereafters. Maps and Paths is religious, which is why it can non be bureaucratized, and is used to assist all individuals. Person centred planning requires facilitators to unfeignedly listen to persons hopes and frights. Maps and Paths topographic points control on the person, every bit long as it is ethical. The article is simple to understand really descriptive of what Maps and Paths is, when we use it, ( an illustration is when we experience challenges in life and necessitate support ) , and the fact that it has more than one definition to it. It focuses on the facilitators sharing power with people instead than seeking to exhibit power over them. Maps and Paths vision addresses the persons. Byrnes, F. ( 2011 ) . Doctrine of Developmental Disabilities Services. Retrieved February 11, 2011, from Article Doctor Health and Fitness Articles: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articledoctor.com/ developmental-disabilities/philosophy-of- developmental -disabilities-services-1679 This article portrays Competence and the importance of it in respects to individuals with developmental disablements. Developmental disablements services follow a certain point of view, which helps an affected individual to populate a better life. Broadly speech production, the attitude of Developmental disablements services is by and large changeless with a set of regulating rules and the guiding rules of service. Among the regulating rules of most such services is one, which says that individuals with developmental disablements will be able to pass on to their households, friends and communities harmonizing to their pick. Affected individuals should be every bit independent as possible and be in a place to modulate the class of their ain lives. Peoples with developmental disablements must be provided the opportunity to do picks in life that do non sabotage their wellness and safety, and such picks must ever be valued and respected. These first rules form the footing of doctrine of most development disablements services. The guiding rules that are followed for functioning affected individuals besides play a cardinal function in finding the doctrine of developmental disablements services. Individualization high spots on an affected individual s self-pride, which can be developed by safeguarding regard, by doing them lend expressively to their life and community environment. The basic doctrine followed by Developmental disablements services besides includes the following thoughts that people with developmental disablements must hold the same rights, privileges, chances and duties as other members of the community. A Person Centered Organization. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved February 12, 2011, from Compass Coordination Inc. : hypertext transfer protocol: //www.compasstn.org /index.html This narrative of leading is about Compass Coordination Inc. Their person-centered enterprise is an international attempt to back up organisations in holding better results for the people they support. Through part in the creativeness, organisations learn how to use individual centered believing accomplishments to the lives of people supported and in the patterns of the organisation, utilizing managers groups and leading groups to sort barriers and facilitate alterations within system. Compass participates in the enterprise in a figure of ways. Compass is working with stakeholders and within organisations to plan and implement patterns that grip person-centered thought and planning and pattern across the service bringing system. Members of their leading squad are working with other leaders to go adept at utilizing person-centered tools. Since their origin, Compass has held certain person-centered patterns as cardinal to our nucleus values. Mount, B. ( 2011 ) . What is a Circle of Support. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from Child- Autism-Parent-Cafe: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.child-autism-parent -cafe.com/circle.html This article contains specific information on what a Circle of Support is. A circle of support is a group of people interested in acquiring together to help a focal individual enhance and spread out his or her life by assisting to make cardinal personal ends. Persons with restrictions have traditionally been excluded from meaningful relationships and experiences in the community that encompasses them. However, everyone learns and expands their universes through household, friends and experiences. Circle members provide new and originative trails and webs to increasing experiences in the community, like suited and stable employment, a safe and healthy topographic point to populate, transit, diversion and exercising and chances to pass on with a caring individual, etc. The point to retrieve is that individuals with developmental disablements miss out on the simple day-to-day human contacts and pleasance we all enjoy. See the followers to assist choose members for our persons: Think abo ut all the people involved in their life and who are the people that are closest, these are the people you should ask for to the planning meeting. Each member determines his or her ain involvement and committedness. What is SIS. ( 2011 ) . Retrieved February 16, 2011, from American Association On Intellectual and Developmental Disibilities: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.siswebsite.org /cs/product_info This article defines the Supports Intensity Scale and degrees of support for persons with a developmental disablement. The Supports Intensity Scale is a computation tool that evaluates practical support demands of a individual with an rational disablement. Available in print and electronic formats, SIS contains of an interview and profile signifier that tests support demands in multiple countries. SIS is wide-ranging and employs the consumer in a positive interview procedure. The appraisal is done through an interview with the person, and those who know the individual good. SIS measures support demands in the countries of place life, community life, womb-to-tomb acquisition, employment, wellness and safety, societal activities, and protection and protagonism. The Scale ranks each activity harmonizing to frequence. Traditionally, a individual s degree of developmental disablement has been measured by the accomplishments the single deficiencies. SIS shifts the focal point from deficien cies to demands. The Scale assesses practical supports people with developmental disablements need to take independent lives. The SIS should be administered by a professional in the human services field. An overview of the Passport Initiative. ( 2008 ) . Retrieved February 13, 2011, from Developmental Services Toronto: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dsto.com/upload /Passport_Initiative_brochure.pdf This article promotes the Passport to Community Living. Passport to Community Living is funded by the Ministry of Community and Social Services to back up grownups who have a developmental disablement, who have left school, and necessitate supports to partake in community activities. Through this enterprise, the participants who are accepted for support can buy services and supports that will enable their community engagement harmonizing to their involvements and strong points. Participants can take to do their ain commissariats to buy supports and/or to entree services through community-based bureaus. The passport enterprise is designed for grownups who have a developmental disablement, have left school, and necessitate supports to take part in their communities. Salzer, M. , A ; Baron, R. C. ( 2006, November ) . Promoting Community Integration: Increasing the Presence and Participation of Peoples with Psychiatric and Developmental Disabilities in Community Life. Retrieved January 28, 2011, from UPENN Collaborative on Community Integration: hypertext transfer protocol: //tucollaborative.org/pdfs/ Toolkits_Monographs_Guidebooks /community_inclu sion/Increa sing_the_Presence_and_Participation _of_People_with_Psychiatric_Disabilities.pdf This article is brooding of the importance of Community Presence and Participation. To assist people with disablements play a more robust function in the civic life of their communities, plans could supply educational scheduling to clients to familiarise them with local, and regional, issues. Forums in which political campaigners or civic groups could discourse both sides of controversial issues. Particularly those in which groups of clients may hold a particular involvement. Create and utilize practice voting booths before local and national elections to assist familiarise clients with the processs of voting Besides to spur their involvement in take parting in the election procedure. Support clients as they volunteer in civic groups that address public issues, assisting clients to find their personal involvements and fiting clients to local involvement and protagonism groups in the community. Education is to assist people DD jobs resume and complete their instructions and to better fix them for better-paid employment, plans could. Work with local schools, community colleges, and universities to develop academic plans that provide supports people may necessitate successfully using to and finishing enfranchisement and/or degree plans. Develop educational ushers for consumers that both promote them to go on their instructions and supply them with helpful intimations with respect to applications, scholarships, class work, and degree/certification completion. Identify bing scholarship support for consumers who wish to go on their instruction, assist consumers in using for those financess, and recommend for new support to back up these educational enterprises. Developmental Disabilities Division. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved February 9, 2011, from Liberity Resources: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.liberty-resources.org /programs/dd.cfm This article clearly emphasizes the importance of Respect of people with developmental disablements. All occupants create ends for themselves that are documented on a day-to-day footing. Every six months a formal meeting is held to reexamine their advancement and/or do alterations that will profit each specific individual. Staff work on ends with consumers as outlined in the individualised residential programs and help the consumer in planning activities that meet their demands and desires. Success is measured by an betterment in the quality of life and is monitored through tracking end advancement. Opportunities exist to go a voluntary or an advocator for many of the persons in these plans. Many of them do non hold involved household member and would welcome run intoing new people. The staff individuals are an built-in support system, but the benefits of a community advocator would be enriching. The committedness to go an advocate minimally involves attending at a six month planning /review meetings. This annotated bibliography consists og an copiousness of information which will be pertinent to anyone who would wish to understand or transport out individual directed planning. This bibliography is a perfect illustration of how much engagement is required by a Developmental Service Worker to guarantee they a right back uping persons with a developmental disablement.